## Structured workflows for automation tasks Real world tasks can be executed via structured workflows or standalone prompts. Structure is always better. ### LensCostTime Mean accuracy vs cost and time | Model | Type | Accuracy | Cost per case (USD) | Time per case (seconds) | |---------------------|--------|----------|----------------------|-------------------------| | haiku 4.5 | workflow | 53.6% | $0.0195 | 12.5 | | haiku 4.5 | prompt | 18.1% | $0.0363 | 21.2 | | sopus 5 | workflow | 73.1% | $0.1761 | 37.8 | | sopus 5 | prompt | 64.8% | $0.3417 | 70.5 | | ssonnet 5 | workflow | 67.8% | $0.1174 | 78.1 | | ssonnet 5 | prompt | 60.4% | $0.2251 | 149.2 | | sDS v4 flash | workflow | 64.4% | $0.0059 | 51.9 | | sDS v4 flash | prompt | 59.3% | $0.0132 | 120.1 | | sDS v4 pro | workflow | 65.5% | $0.0413 | 86.5 | | sDS v4 pro | prompt | 59.7% | $0.0907 | 192.1 | | sluna | workflow | 66.8% | $0.0033 | 12.9 | | sluna | prompt | 51.9% | $0.0079 | 27.3 | | ssol | workflow | 74.1% | $0.0836 | 23.3 | | ssol | prompt | 63.4% | $0.2005 | 48.6 | | sterra | workflow | 67.9% | $0.0304 | 10.1 | | sterra | prompt | 61.6% | $0.0750 | 25.1 | | sJev | workflow | 67.8% | $0.0004 | 0.4 | Each point averages one model configuration's accuracy, cost and time over the four workflows with equal weight, against the consensus labels. Every model runs at its provider's default reasoning setting. Up and to the left is better. ### How we evaluate #### Decompose the work, build a harness To automate a task, we decompose the decisions into programmatic rules and intelligent judgments. Rather than ask a model to solve the entire problem in one shot, we ask independent narrow questions and defer to code where possible. We use three types: Noul, yes or no; Choice, one option among several; Score, a level on a scale. The results are then used programmatically to produce the output actions. Averaged across the four example tasks, every model is more accurate, cheaper and faster in the workflow than it is with the same policy as a prompt. A toy example. The policy on the left is the kind of paragraph a team writes down; the chart on the right is the same policy as a workflow. Each sentence became either a question for the model, with a type, or a rule for the code. #### Expense claims 1. Every claim comes with a receipt. If the receipt cannot be read, ask the employee for a new one. 2. Work out what kind of expense it is: a meal, travel, or equipment. 3. A meal over $75 needs a manager's sign-off when the description on the claim does not clearly match the receipt. 4. Everything else is approved. becomes - One expense claim - the receipt - the claim form - The model reads the claim: - reads the receipt and the claim form - the receipt can be read - what kind of expense: a meal, travel, or equipment - how clearly the claim's description matches the receipt, on four levels - readable? - no - NEW RECEIPT - yes - The code decides: - a meal over $75 whose description does not clearly match - MANAGER REVIEW - anything else - APPROVE 1. THE MODEL ANSWERS 2. THE CODE DECIDES #### Assume the harness is correct Instead of debating the correctness of the harness and labels, we assume that the code is correct, and measure against the current smartest large models. For this eval, the reference labels are generated via an average of the responses of GPT-6 Astra and Claude Fable 5.1, both at high thinking, answering every question in the harness. All other models are evaluated using the provider's default reasoning settings. ## Example workflows ### Security Incidents A security alert fires on a laptop or a server. Given the alert and everything on file about that machine, we decide whether to close it, pass it to an analyst, or contain it now. | Model | Type | Accuracy | Cost per case (USD) | Time per case (seconds) | |--------------------|---------|----------|----------------------|-------------------------| | haiku 4.5 | workflow | 58.8% | $0.0047 | 3.4 | | haiku 4.5 | prompt | 17.1% | $0.0068 | 4.6 | | sopus 5 | workflow | 66.2% | $0.0574 | 15.1 | | sopus 5 | prompt | 62.9% | $0.0619 | 13.5 | | ssonnet 5 | workflow | 60.8% | $0.0271 | 18.9 | | ssonnet 5 | prompt | 51.7% | $0.0506 | 37.5 | | sDS v4 flash | workflow | 37.9% | $0.0032 | 37.4 | | sDS v4 flash | prompt | 44.6% | $0.0037 | 41.9 | | sDS v4 pro | workflow | 41.7% | $0.0234 | 60.0 | | sDS v4 pro | prompt | 37.1% | $0.0267 | 66.3 | | sluna | workflow | 52.1% | $0.0013 | 7.0 | | sluna | prompt | 29.6% | $0.0021 | 13.4 | | ssol | workflow | 62.5% | $0.0295 | 8.5 | | ssol | prompt | 45.8% | $0.0472 | 14.0 | | sterra | workflow | 51.2% | $0.0119 | 5.7 | | sterra | prompt | 45.4% | $0.0140 | 7.1 | | sJev | workflow | 61.7% | $0.0001 | 0.3 | ### Agent Trace Observability A support agent has just finished with a customer. Given the whole run, every tool call included, we decide whether a person needs to look at it, and how soon. | Model | Type | Accuracy | Cost per case (USD) | Time per case (seconds) | |--------------------|---------|----------|----------------------|-------------------------| | haiku 4.5 | workflow | 57.2% | $0.0100 | 7.1 | | haiku 4.5 | prompt | 29.3% | $0.0163 | 9.3 | | sopus 5 | workflow | 75.2% | $0.1033 | 27.4 | | sopus 5 | prompt | 63.5% | $0.1642 | 37.5 | | ssonnet 5 | workflow | 68.0% | $0.0545 | 38.0 | | ssonnet 5 | prompt | 65.8% | $0.0863 | 53.0 | | sDS v4 flash | workflow | 73.0% | $0.0043 | 51.7 | | sDS v4 flash | prompt | 68.5% | $0.0063 | 62.7 | | sDS v4 pro | workflow | 71.6% | $0.0357 | 90.1 | | sDS v4 pro | prompt | 72.1% | $0.0424 | 92.6 | | sluna | workflow | 76.1% | $0.0025 | 14.5 | | sluna | prompt | 66.2% | $0.0038 | 15.1 | | ssol | workflow | 76.6% | $0.0575 | 40.3 | | ssol | prompt | 73.9% | $0.0907 | 37.0 | | sterra | workflow | 73.0% | $0.0209 | 11.4 | | sterra | prompt | 72.5% | $0.0350 | 14.9 | | sJev | workflow | 71.6% | $0.0003 | 0.5 | ### Invoice Processing A vendor's bill arrives. Given the bill, the order behind it, and what was actually delivered, we decide whether it gets paid, held, or sent back. | Model | Type | Accuracy | Cost per case (USD) | Time per case (seconds) | |--------------------|---------|----------|----------------------|-------------------------| | haiku 4.5 | workflow | 42.9% | $0.0558 | 30.8 | | haiku 4.5 | prompt | 6.0% | $0.0763 | 63.4 | | sopus 5 | workflow | 78.4% | $0.4856 | 92.1 | | sopus 5 | prompt | 66.9% | $0.7699 | 188.7 | | ssonnet 5 | workflow | 72.9% | $0.3616 | 241.3 | | ssonnet 5 | prompt | 62.4% | $0.5548 | 409.4 | | sDS v4 flash | workflow | 69.8% | $0.0133 | 84.1 | | sDS v4 flash | prompt | 58.2% | $0.0288 | 281.7 | | sDS v4 pro | workflow | 72.7% | $0.0830 | 137.4 | | sDS v4 pro | prompt | 63.8% | $0.2039 | 474.4 | | sluna | workflow | 67.8% | $0.0081 | 21.4 | | sluna | prompt | 55.1% | $0.0160 | 61.5 | | ssol | workflow | 79.1% | $0.2152 | 34.3 | | ssol | prompt | 65.1% | $0.4338 | 118.4 | | sterra | workflow | 74.7% | $0.0778 | 17.3 | | sterra | prompt | 64.0% | $0.1618 | 62.0 | | sJev | workflow | 61.8% | $0.0011 | 0.5 | ### Customer Service A customer writes in. Given the thread so far and the state of their account, we decide what the assistant should say and do next. | Model | Type | Accuracy | Cost per case (USD) | Time per case (seconds) | |--------------------|---------|----------|----------------------|-------------------------| | haiku 4.5 | workflow | 55.4% | $0.0074 | 8.8 | | haiku 4.5 | prompt | 19.9% | $0.0459 | 7.6 | | sopus 5 | workflow | 72.4% | $0.0579 | 16.6 | | sopus 5 | prompt | 66.0% | $0.3710 | 42.2 | | ssonnet 5 | workflow | 69.3% | $0.0264 | 14.3 | | ssonnet 5 | prompt | 61.6% | $0.2085 | 96.7 | | sDS v4 flash | workflow | 76.8% | $0.0029 | 34.6 | | sDS v4 flash | prompt | 65.8% | $0.0139 | 93.9 | | sDS v4 pro | workflow | 76.1% | $0.0232 | 58.6 | | sDS v4 pro | prompt | 65.8% | $0.0898 | 134.9 | | sluna | workflow | 71.4% | $0.0013 | 8.8 | | sluna | prompt | 56.9% | $0.0094 | 19.2 | | ssol | workflow | 78.3% | $0.0323 | 10.1 | | ssol | prompt | 69.0% | $0.2303 | 24.9 | | sterra | workflow | 72.7% | $0.0111 | 6.0 | | sterra | prompt | 64.4% | $0.0894 | 16.3 | | sJev | workflow | 76.0% | $0.0001 | 0.4 |